Fig. 2

Topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) application induces systemic inflammation. a Serum amyloid A (SAA) levels (μg/ml) measured in plasma after 8 weeks of topical application on both ears with either TPA or vehicle (control). Note: the y-axis is displayed as a log10 scale. Values are depicted as median and statistical differences analysed by non-parametric t-test. b-f Spleen flow cytometry data. Symbols and horizontal bars indicate individual mice and group averages, respectively, and parametric t-tests were used to detect statistical differences. b Levels of CD11b⁺ cells, T-cells (CD3⁺), and B-cells (B220⁺). c Effector and memory CD4⁺ T-cells (CD44⁺CD62L⁻ and CD44⁺CD62L⁺ cells, respectively), and d memory CD8⁺ T-cells (CD44⁺CD62L⁺ cells). e Tc1 cells (IFNγ⁺IL17⁻). f Regulatory T-cells (Foxp3⁺CD25⁻). Unfilled and filled triangles represent control and TPA mice, respectively, from study 2. N = 14–15 mice/group; one control mouse was omitted from flow cytometry data due to abnormal values (i.e., above 3xSD)